Monthly Archives: January 2010

How ugly Miss sounds after Signorita

How ugly Miss sounds after Signorita

学习西班牙语,愈觉得西班牙语的语音动听,尤其是女孩子的声音,带着亲呢味,
颇有些性感。不只是我这么说,达尔文就曾经在阿根廷感慨那里的女性味,还说英
国女性不懂美。当然,这恐怕跟他长年在船上也有关系。

有达尔文在小猎狗一行的通信为证:


A Spanish lady with the close-fitting gown and black silk veil, which made
Darwin write to his sisters: ‘I am sorry for you all. It would do the whole
tribe of you a great deal of good to come to Buenos Aires’.

Buenos aires had its charms. ‘Our chief amusement’, Darwin wrote to his
sisters, ‘was riding about and admiring the Spanish ladies. After watching
one of these angels gliding down the streets, involuntarily we groaned out,
“How foolish English women are, they can neither walk nor dress”. And
then how ugly Miss sounds after Signorita…One never saw one of their
charming backs without crying out “How beautiful she must be”.’

这种感受我在西班牙语国家,尤其是西班牙,当然安达卢西亚一样有。当年达尔文
的审美还是偏旧,比如他就把大溪地土著妇女当作不美,还说她们要多穿些衣服才
美,这个高更肯定持反对意见。然后,达尔文的古典型审美确实开创了他的性选译
一章,影响全人类的。高更至今还是野兽派,不太被人当真。就比如有哪一位白人
愿意娶一个大溪地的土著妇女,象高根那样呢?高根怕是走投无路。

原来是谈西班牙语感受的,怎么成了女性美。当然,女性美肯定包括声音,而语言
能带来一半声效。我在西班牙听一位女导游说法语,尚好,一说英语,就有法国人
类似的口音,有点走油味(口齿不清)。

我记得学拉丁语的那本书,听CD,当我感触到女主角Lucia声音美,有如一道光明,
带给我她全身心的美。那是中世纪一则爱情故事,女角是公爵女,男角是修道院的
学生,一个骑猎,一个赶骡子买货,路奇遇,在维京人的劫掠下,阴冷的冬天,倒
成了一桩离奇的中世纪爱情。从她声音里感受到了什么,我知道我拉丁语读进去了,
是女性的声音!

然后是风雪声,诵赞声,争吵声,战斗声,都那么活生生!

记得有一回哥们聚会,都生的男孩,这就麻烦了:身在美国,这白人女孩子怕娶不起,
国中纯情的怕也不多了。记得有位长得蛮酷的ABC,顶成功人士,三十岁不到就退休
了。回国去找’村姑’,一个也未遇。这许多男孩子以后怎么办?当时说要么回国办
村姑培训班,又说要交流蒙白人女孩子的经验。我倒发现,再怎么着,学好西班牙
语,以后找一个南美或西班牙姑娘也不赖。

这一段倒是说的实情,如有得罪咖啡女性的地方,请包涵一下!

我说西班牙语好听,尤其是女性,就好象达尔文的感觉。比如西班牙语h不发音,但
‘h’音(‘喝’)倒顶常闻,比如j发音,双胞胎gemelo的g的发音,Mexico中x的发音,这
‘喝’来’喝’去的,充满了情味,有阿拉伯味,至少有伊朗音。我也说不分明,反正
女性发起来特好听,要说了,小女孩,女生更有味。唉,莫说我恋童癖:!

我西班牙语老师叫Esmeralda,这名称在英文对应是Emerald(祖母绿),很美的一宝
石,在英语中却没有西语那么漂亮的发音,以至成为女性名。看Emerald,中间插了
个s,r又是卷舌,最后以亮丽的a结束。就这名称,就活泼生动,亮丽无比。


Esmeralda

记得在赤道国有一个省即以此命名,省会亦同名。当然Esmeralda这种宝石在赤道南
美一带蛮丰富。西班牙语常以寻常名词入人名、地名,如Buenos Aires,da Gama,
Diaz,Domingo等,平常的字汇,充满感情,诗意。

随便跟玛雅聊几句西班牙语,还写出来,也真够无聊的。唉!

Poets And Poetry Of Moslem Andalus(Washington Irving)

Poets And Poetry Of Moslem Andalus

During the latter part of my sojourn in the Alhambra I was more than once visited by the Moor of Tetuan, with whom I took great pleasure in rambling through the halls and courts, and getting him to explain to me the Arabic inscriptions. He endeavored to do so faithfully; but, though he succeeded in giving me the thought, he despaired of imparting an idea of the grace and beauty of the language. The aroma of the poetry, said he, is all lost in translation. Enough was imparted, however, to increase the stock of my delightful associations with this extraordinary pile. Perhaps there never was a monument more characteristic of an age and people than the Alhambra; a rugged fortress without, a voluptuous palace within; war frowning from its battlements; poetry breathing throughout the fairy architecture of its halls. One is irresistibly transported in imagination to those times when Moslem Spain was a region of light amid Christian, yet benighted Europe-externally a warrior power fighting for existence, internally a realm devoted to literature, science, and the arts, where philosophy was cultivated with passion, though wrought up into subtleties and refinements, and where the luxuries of sense were transcended by those of thought and imagination.
Arab poetry, we are told, arrived at its highest splendor under the Ommiades of Spain, who for a long time centred the power and splendor of the Western Caliphat at Cordova. Most of the sovereigns of that brilliant line were themselves poets. One of the last of them was Mahomed ben Abderahman. He led the life of a sybarite in the famous palace and gardens of Azahara, surrounding himself with all that could excite the imagination and delight the senses. His palace was the resort of poets. His vizier, Ibn Zeydun, was called the Horace of Moslem Spain, from his exquisite verses, which were recited with enthusiasm even in the saloons of the Eastern Caliphs. The vizier became passionately enamored of the princess Walada, daughter of Mahomed. She was the idol of her father`s court, a poetess of the highest order, and renowned for beauty as well as talent. If Ibn Zeydun was the Horace of Moslem Spain, she was its Sappho. The princess became the subject of the vizier`s most impassioned verses, especially of a famous risaleh or epistle addressed to her, which the historian Ash-Shakandi declares has never been equalled for
tenderness and melancholy. Whether the poet was happy in his love, the authors I have consulted do not say; but one intimates that the princess was discreet as she was beautiful, and caused many a lover to sigh in vain. In fact, the reign of love and poetry in the delicious abode of Zahara, was soon brought to a close by a popular insurrection. Mahomed with his family took refuge in the fortress of Ucles, near Toledo, where he was treacherously poisoned by the Alcayde; and thus perished one of the last of the Ommiades.
The downfall of that brilliant dynasty, which had concentrated every thing at Cordova, was favorable to the general literature of Morisco Spain.
“After the breaking of the necklace and the scattering of its pearls,” says Ash-Shakandi, “the kings of small states divided among themselves the patrimony of the Beni Ommiah.”

They vied with each other in filling their capitals with poets and learned men, and rewarded them with boundless prodigality. Such were the Moorish kings of Seville of the illustrious line of the Beni Abbad, “with whom,” says the same writer, “resided fruit and palm-trees and pomegranates; who became the centre of eloquence in prose and verse; every day of whose reign was a solemn festivity; whose history abounds in generous actions and heroic deeds, that will last through surrounding ages and live for ever in the memory of man!”

No place, however, profited more in point of civilization and refinement by the downfall of the Western Caliphat than Granada. It succeeded to Cordova in splendor, while it surpassed it in romantic beauty of situation. The amenity of its climate, where the ardent heats of a southern summer were tempered by breezes from snow-clad mountains, the voluptuous repose of its valleys and the bosky luxuriance of its groves and gardens all awakened sensations of delight, and disposed the mind to love and poetry. Hence the great number of amatory poets that flourished in Granada. Hence those amorous canticles breathing of love and war, and wreathing chivalrous grace round the stern exercise of arms. Those ballads which still form the pride and delight of Spanish literature are but the echoes of amatory and chivalric lays which once delighted the Moslem courts of Andalus, and in which a modern historian of Granada pretends to find the origin of the rima Castellana and the type of the “gay science” of the troubadours.

Poetry was cultivated in Granada by both sexes. “Had Allah,” says Ash-Shakandi, “bestowed no other boon on Granada than that of making it the birth-place of so many poetesses; that alone would be sufficient for its glory.”

Among the most famous of these was Hafsah; renowned, says the old chronicler, for beauty, talents, nobility, and wealth. We have a mere relic of her poetry in some verses, addressed to her lover, Ahmed, recalling an evening passed together in the garden of Maumal.

“Allah has given us a happy night, such as he never vouchsafes to the wicked and the ignoble. We have beheld the cypresses of Maumal gently bowing their heads before the mountain breeze – the sweet perfumed breeze that smelt of gillyflowers: the dove murmured her love among the trees; the sweet basil inclined its boughs to the limpid brook.”

The garden of Maumal was famous among the Moors for its rivulets, its fountains, its flowers, and above all, its cypresses. It had its name from a vizier of Abdallah, grandson of Aben Habuz, and Sultan of Granada. Under the administration of this vizier many of the noblest public works were executed. He constructed an aqueduct by which water was brought from the mountains of Alfacar to irrigate the hills and orchards north of the city. He planted a public walk with cypress-trees, and “made delicious gardens for the solace of the melancholy Moors.” “The name of Maumal,” says Alcantara, “ought to be preserved in Granada in letters of gold.” Perhaps it is as well preserved by being associated with the garden he planted; and by being mentioned in the verses of Hafsah. How often does a casual word from a poet confer immortality!
Perhaps the reader may be curious to learn something of the story of Hafsah and her lover, thus connected with one of the beautiful localities of Granada. The following are all the particulars I have been able to rescue out of the darkness and oblivion which have settled upon the brightest names and geniuses of Moslem Spain:

Ahmed and Hafsah flourished in the sixth century of the Hhgira, the twelfth of the Christian Era. Ahmed was the son of the Alcayde of Alcala la Real. His father designed him for public and military life and would have made him his lieutenant; but the youth was of a poetical temperament, and preferred a life of lettered ease in the delightful abodes of Granada. Here he surrounded himself by objects of taste in the arts, and by the works of the learned; he divided his time between study and social enjoyment. He was fond of the sports of the field, and kept horses, hawks, and hounds. He devoted himself to literature, became renowned for erudition, and his compositions in prose and verse were extolled for their beauty, and in the mouths of every one.

Of a tender, susceptible heart, and extremely sensible to female charms, he became the devoted lover of Hafsah. The passion was mutual, and for once the course of true love appeared to run smooth. The lovers were both young, equal in merit, fame, rank, and fortune, enamored of each other`s genius as well as person, and inhabiting a region formed to be a realm of love and poetry. A poetical intercourse was carried on between them that formed the delight of Granada. They were continually interchanging verses and epistles, “the poetry of which,” says the Arabian writer, Al Makkari, “was like the language of doves.”

In the height of their happiness a change took place in the government of Granada. It was the time when the Almohades, a Berber tribe of Mount Atlas, had acquired the control of Moslem Spain, and removed the seat of government from Cordova to Morocco. The Sultan Abdelmuman governed Spain through his Walis and Alcaydes; and his son, Sidi Abu Said, was made Wali of Granada. He governed in his father`s name with royal state and splendor, and with despotic sway. Being a stranger in the couthe couthe country, and a Moor by birth, he sought to strengthen himself by drawing round him popular persons of the Arab race; and to this effect made Ahmed, who was then in the zenith of his fame and popularity, his vizier. Ahmed would have declined the post, but the Wali was peremptory. Its duties were irksome to him, and he spurned at its restraint. On a hawking party, with some of his gay companions, he gave way to his poetic vein, exulting in his breaking away from the thraldom of a despotic master like a hawk from the jesses of the falconer, to follow the soaring impulses of his soul.

His words were repeated to Sidi Abu Said. “Ahmed,” said the informant, “spurns at restraint and scoffs at thy authority.” The poet was instantly dismissed from office. The loss of an irksome post was no grievance to one of his joyous temperament; but he soon discovered the real cause of his removal. The Wali was his rival. He had seen and become enamored of Hafsah. What was worse, Hafsah was dazzled with the conquest she had made.

For a time Ahmed treated the matter with ridicule, and appealed to the prejudice existing between the Arab and Moorish races. Sidi Abu Said was of a dark olive complexion. “How canst thou endure that black man?” said he, scornfully. “By Allah, for twenty dinars I can buy thee a better than he in the slave market.”

The scoff reached the ears of Sidi Abu Said and rankled in his heart.
At other times, Ahmed gave way to grief and tenderness, recalling past scenes of happiness, reproaching Hafsah with her inconstancy, and warning her in despairing accents that she would be the cause of his death. His words were unheeded. The idea of having the son of the Sultan for a lover had captivated the imagination of the poetess.

Maddened by jealousy and despair, Ahmed joined in a conspiracy against the ruling dynasty. It was discovered, and the conspirators fled from Granada. Some escaped to a castle on the mountains, Ahmed took refuge in Malaga, where he concealed himself, intending to embark for Valencia. He was discovered, loaded with chains and thrown into a dungeon, to abide the decision of Sidi Abu Said.

He was visited in prison by a nephew, who has left on record an account of the interview. The youth was moved to tears at seeing his illustrious relative, late so prosperous and honored, fettered like a malefactor.
“Why dost thou weep?” said Ahmed. “Are these tears shed for me? For me, who have enjoyed all that the world could give? Weep not for me. I have had my share of happiness; banqueted on the daintiest fare; quaffed out of crystal cups; slept on beds of down; been arrayed in the richest silks and brocades; ridden the fleetest steeds; enjoyed the loves of the fairest maidens. Weep not for me. My present reverse is but the inevitable course of fate. I have committed acts which render pardon hopeless. I must await my punishment.”

His presentiment was correct. The vengeance of Sidi Abu Said was only to be satisfied by the blood of his rival, and the unfortunate Ahmed was beheaded at Malaga, in the month Jumadi, in the year 559 of the Hegira (April, 1164). When the news was brought to the fickle-hearted Hafsah, she was struck with sorrow and remorse, and put on mourning; recalling his warning words, and reproaching herself with being the cause of his death.
Of the after fortunes of Hafsah I have no further trace than that she died in Morocco, in 1184, outliving both her lovers, for Sidi Abu Said died in Morocco of the plague in 1175. A memorial of his residence in Granada remained in a palace which he built on the banks of the Xenil. The garden of Maumal, the scene of the early lives of Ahmed and Hafsah, is no longer in existence. Its site may be found by the antiquary in poetical research.

The authorities for the foregoing: Alcantara, Hist. Granada. Al Makkari, Hist. Mohamed. Dynasties in Spain. Notes and illustrations of the same by Gayangos. Ibnu Al Kahttib, Biograph. Dic., cited by Gayangos. Conde, Hist. Dom. Arab.

http://www.classicauthors.net/irving/AlhambraThe/AlhambraThe41.html
from: Alhambra, The

Don Quixote, Synopsis(Ballet)

Don Quixote
http://www.kirov.com/synopses/quixote.html

From the original scenario, as written in the program at the Maryinsky Theater, St. Petersburg, Russia. The performance version of the Kirov Ballet has differences.

——————————————————————————–
• Ballet in 4 Acts
• Music by L. Minkus
• Libretto by Marius Petipa –
based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes
• Choreography by Alexander Gorsky
• Performance time: 3 hours
——————————————————————————–

Act I – Scene One
A room in Don Quixote’s house. The servants are talking about their master. They consider he has lost his reason, because he fancies he is a knight and sees imaginary enemies everywhere.

The servants believe all his vagaries to be the result of too much reading of tales of chivalry. They burn Don Quixote’s books, hoping to save their master in that way.

Don Quixote enters. As usual, he is engrossed in a book. following excitedly the varying fortunes of the characters. The servants hide.

Don Quixote carefully collects the volumes that have escaped destruction, and becomes engrossed in a book again. Presently he falls asleep.

In his sleep he sees visions of knightly tournaments, he rescues a damsel in distress and wins her warm gratitude.

But the fat glutton, Sancho Panza, rushing in, breaks up his dream. Sancho has stolen a goose somewhere, and the exasperated housewives are in hot pursuit. Don Quixote, awakened by the noise, turns the angry women out of the room.

An idea comes to Don Quixote to make Sancho his squire. They will set out together in search of adventure they will defend virtue and punish all violators of the code of chivalry. Sancho Panza at first hesitates, but, in the end, consents, won over by a promise of plentiful food.

Don Quixote displays his armor and tests the strength of his helmet by striking it with his sword. But the very first blow shatters it to pieces.

This does not in the least disconcert Dun Quixote. A shaving basin may serve for a helmet! He arrays himself in his armor, and, seizing a ludicrously long spear, orders Sancho Panza to follow him.

Act I – Scene Two
In front of Lorenzo’s inn, in Barcelona, a holiday crowd has gathered. Here, too, is the merry flirt, Quiteria, the daughter of the innkeeper, and her lover Basil, the barber. To tease Quiteria, he is over-attentive to her friends.

Lorenzo catches his daughter kissing Basil and forbids them ever to meet again; he won’t have any penniless suitors. In vain Quiteria tells her father how much she loves Basil, Lorenzo is inexorable and turns the barber out of the house.

Camacho, a rich pompous nobleman, walks in, resplendent in his brocaded clothes. The crowd jeers at him. He has come to ask for the hand of the beautiful Quiteria. Lorenzo is happy to have so highborn a gentleman for a son-in-law, but to Quiteria the idea of marrying him is detestable. The innkeeper is shocked at his daughter’s impertinent manner of behavior to Camacho.

A street dancer enters, cheered heartily by the crowd. The girl is eagerly expecting the arrival of Espada, the famous toreador. Espada makes his appearance, accompanied by other toreadors. They dance, flourishing their cloaks, enacting scenes from a bullfight.

At the appearance of an extraordinary-looking horseman, the people are struck with astonishment.

Sancho Panza blows a horn to announce the arrival of the knight- errant of La Mancha. Lorenzo welcomes the traveler courteously and invites him to have some refreshment.

The girls seize the opportunity to have a bit of run by playing tricks on the fat squire. They start a game of blind-man’s-buff. After that, the poor harried Sancho becomes sport for the men who toss him up into the air.

Sancho screams for help. Don Quixote comes to his rescue, armed with a huge toasting-fork and a plate for a shield.

The knight sees Quiteria and is struck by her beauty. Was it not she who has haunted his dreams as the beautiful Dulcinea? In rapture, Don Quixote bends his knee to her and asks her to dance a minuet with him. To annoy Basil, Quiteria graciously accepts the invitation, coquettishly imitating the manners of a fine lady.

While no one is looking, Sancho steals a fried fish from the kitchen and is about to slip away, but the scullions give chase and catch the thief.

Amidst the general confusion, Quiteria and Basil slip away unobserved.

Act II – Scene One
Fleeing from Lorenzo and Camacho, the two lovers, Quiteria and Basil, wander into a gypsy camp.

The gypsies dance for their guests. A girl informs them of the approach of a queer-looking horseman, Don-Quixote. Basil and Quiteria meet him like good old friends.

The gypsies invite Don Quixote to attend a play they are about to perform. He takes what is going on upon the stage for actual facts, and rushes, sword in hand, to rescue the unhappy heroine; the improvised theatre is destroyed. The frightened actors and spectators scatter in all directions.

The turning sails of a windmill, then, catch Don Quixote’s eye. They are the arms of giants! Don Quixote attacks the windmill. His clothes get caught on a sail; he is first swung up into the air, then hurled to the ground.

Quiteria and Basil attend to his injuries. They spend the rest of the night near the gypsies’ caravan.

Act II – Scene Two
Don Quixote is tormented by a nightmare. In his sleep he sees a huge spider crawl out of a dark, dense forest. The knight attacks the monster boldly and overpowers its at the same moment the forest in transformed into the bright kingdom of the dryads. Among them is Quiteria who has assumed the form of Dulcinea, the queen of his heart.

Cupid presents Don Quixote to the Queen of the dryads. The nymphs are grateful to him for rescuing them from the power of the monster, and dance for their deliverer.

Act II – Scene Three
Dawn breaks, Quiteria and Basil wake up only just in time, for Lorenzo and Camacho are close upon them. The lovers flee. Don Quixote, their protector, sends Lorenzo and Camacho on a false trail.

Act III
People gather for a fiesta at an inn. Quiteria and Basil, having given the slip to Lorenzo and Camacho, have also come here to take part in the merrymaking.

The toreador and the dancer. Mercedes, enter, hailed heartily by the crowd.

The innkeeper warns Quiteria of her father’s approach, Quiteria tries to escape, but her father overtakes her and drags her to Camacho to give them his parental blessing at their betrothal. Camacho kneels before Quiteria.

Basil, seeing this, stabs himself and falls to the ground. Quiteria rushes to him. She guesses at once, that be is feigning, but the sly girl begs Don Quixote to go to Lorenzo and persuade him to grant Basil’s dying wish – to give them his parental blessing. Basil is sure to die Why not ease his last moments?

Camacho protests, but is driven out unceremoniously. At Don Quixote’s earnest entreaty, Lorenzo blesses the lovers.

The next instant. Basil jumps to his feet and kisses the astounded Lorenzo.

The merrymaking at the inn continues for a long time.

Act IV
Lorenzo, assisted by the scullions, the maid servants and Quiteria’s friends, is completing preparations for the wedding feast.

Don Quixote is the guest of honor. Lorenzo keeps wondering how Don Quixote has contrived to deceive him, to make him reject the rich suitor and let the poor barber marry his daughter.

The innkeeper, donning a suit of armor, challenges Don Quixote in jest. Don Quixote bravely takes up the challenge of the Unknown Knight, but falls to the ground the moment their swords cross.

The merrymaking goes on. The happy lovers dance for Don Quixote, to whom they owe their happiness.

Now, that his benevolent mission is completed, the knight-errant may go on his way. He rides off, amidst shouts of gratitude.

====

昨天到图书馆借西班牙,中央图书馆先借了林达写的西班牙笔记,可惜那里的舞剧唐
吉诃德都借出去了,中央图书馆音象一团混乱(经济不景气啊),以前排整的录像
DVD都没的踪影。还是赶去林肯中心,那里有三盘录像带,另三盘DVD,都是不同版
本的。俄国的舞剧很发达!

我看的版本只有两小时左右,第一场第一幕归于序幕,这样就只有三场了。

别的还有什么减损,反正是舞剧,也看不分明。但分明序幕是减短了的,还有呢,
看舞剧一定得先把剧情吃透,就是Synopsis多读几遍。当然对原著能了如指掌,也
就不用了,这个比看歌剧要讲究得多。不然,就觉得累。

别外,我借了中文唐吉诃德,杨绛译的,曾得到傅雷称许。除了译名独特一些外,
文字不错。同时,我也借了舞剧Corsairs,再叙。

我借的唐吉诃德的版本是:Kultur, Minkus, The state perm Ballet

Nina Ananiashvili
Aleksei Fadeyetchev

Mare Clausum, Mare Liberum

海盗有各式各样,维京人是有名的海盗,维京人的后裔诺曼人,也好不了多少。英
国人被罗马侵略,以后是盎格鲁*撒克逊,再以后是诺曼人(一零六六年威廉王),
建立了后世英国王系。此前法兰克也受诺曼人侵略,只好分割出一块地,叫诺曼底,
就是给诺曼人登陆英国用的。英国原住民应是凯尔特人,现在苏格兰与威尔士的成
份会重一些。而爱尔兰,就更凯尔特了,凯尔特是不是普遍信德鲁伊?

提到绿林好汉,人人摇头,提到江洋大盗,人人称是!此应了庄子那句:窃钩者诛,
窃国者为诸候。我在赛维亚的时候,特别走访了一趟’印弟安’档案馆,那零三年重整
过一番的当年的新大陆商贸所,留下的五百年殖民史档案,弥足珍贵。馆中有一个
特别展,取的是拉丁名,Mare clausum, mare liberum,就是一部活生生的海盗
史。我就少煽些情,把具体的西班牙殖民史中的海盗以及现代国家的历史抖落一下,
名正言顺的东西,也说一说江洋大盗。

在咖啡里曾跟降E聊过一回Corsair,一部巴蕾舞剧,源于拜伦的长诗,中文译“海盗”,
中国的海文化不发达,海盗也只有一个词,岂不知西文的海盗有多少种花样?我在
巴拿马旧城区(不是现在城中的旧城区,而是郊外烧得只剩下残垣断壁的废墟)参
观,当时还纳闷是谁烧的呢?有解释Buccaneer,当时还不明白,回查字典,方知道
也是海盗,德雷克(Drake)之流。这海盗跟狗一样,还有那么许多种类,却一直没能
理会清。这回参观了展览,算是理清了一些,多认识了不少词汇,见识原始档案,
沉缅于历史中去。

哥伦布发现美洲后,财富源源不断地流入欧洲,都是经手赛维亚这座档案馆的前身:
新世界商品交易厅。一四九四年西、葡之间在教皇前订定Tordesillas协议,协议规
定两国将共同垄断欧洲之外的世界,并特别将位于维德角群岛以西300里格(约1770
公里或1100英里),大约位于西经46□37’的南北经线,为两国的势力分界线:分界
线以西归西班牙,以东归葡萄牙。我有幸在二楼展厅入口看到该件的葡语版:


Mare Clausum,西、葡封锁海域,后继国家纷纷进行挑衅,就引起了一波波的海
上风潮。海盗,自当其冲,以后是强大的海军。记得在加勒比一带游行,海岛上城
堡炮台多多,弹痕壁垒,犹如回到了中世纪。

Mare Liberum,一四九八年,尽管法国海盗在亚速尔群岛恭候歌伦布第三次新大
陆回航多时,头一回真正的攻击西班牙船还是发生在一五二二年。

Pirate,由法国最先发起。英国迟至十六世纪末。荷兰与丹麦把商业争端引到新世
界,那已是十七世纪初。有三个世纪之久频繁地对西班牙商船的敌对攻击,并且对
西班牙美洲殖民地的攻击,海盗行径一直持续到十九世纪初。期间贯穿海盗劫掠,策
划叛乱,支持殖民地革命与独立。加勒比海域最受威协攻击,那里的居民长久生活
在惊慌中,海盗从天而降,没有太平的海岸。


Corsairs,国家支持的大帆船海盗,他们攻击,掠货,抢劫,烧毁,挂着敌对国旗
帜,有国家的特许令(Letter of marque),我在博物馆就看到许多这样的特许令,
还有Walter Raleigh的西班牙书信。这样惯例性的攻击最先是英国,有组织性的,
掠货谋利,Corsair是英国皇家海军的前身。Corsairs,也有荷兰政府组织的。

Buccaneers,美洲的海盗,还有freebooters,这字头回听说。最先Buccaneers
是指围猎西班牙岛北部野猪的牧户,以后是指抢劫海岸乡镇的海盗,他们也有英国
与法国政府的特许状。buccaneers最先横行加勒比海,后来活动到印度洋,海盗
之路。Freebooters也横行于十七世纪,也是西班牙岛北部,Tortuga群岛和牙买
加。这些岛屿的政府鼓励他们冒险,保护,给他们提供避难。


新世界太大,西班牙人殖民不过来。敌对国探试过西班牙的军力和防卫力弱,尤其是
易受攻击的港口。他们开始侵占小安得列群岛,这些被西班牙遗弃,荒岛,无用之
岛,却成了敌对国以后向陆地纵伸的的基地。

西班牙组织强大海军体系对付海盗,防卫海口。这些海军梯队卫护西班牙海岸,并美
洲领地。保护新世界殖民地花费了西班牙大量的精力,金钱,影响到宏观经济。没
有一部海盗史,美洲史将是完全不同的一种面貌。当然,海盗不只在美洲,世界各
地,无时不有,自腓尼基、古罗马到如今索马里。每个国家每个种族都可能有(中国
海盗,只听说日本倭冠,戚继光抗倭)。随着时间的流逝,许多海盗都成为传奇故事
的英雄,被诗歌,戏剧,小说,电影美化,或理想化得可以。

墙上挂满各海军将领的油画像,哥伦布、麦哲伦都是塑像。我在展品中最惊异的是各
西班牙子国独立的签订协约,就象孩子长大了,都要独立成家。然而,西班牙语却
遍布于美洲世界。这样,我学习西班牙语更有了一份原动力。


http://www.mcu.es/novedades/2009/novedades_Mare_Clausum.html

好、坏资本主义的勾结和博弈(刘自立)

好、坏资本主义的勾结和博弈

刘自立

资本主义和社会主义博弈历史人皆了解,只是诉诸双方起源,学界有些歧义—— 一说,是原自所谓自然秩序论(资本主义),一说,是原自所谓人为秩序论(社会主义乃至共产主义)。二者间性关系中互有交叉,遂成你我互动之势;再是,这个格局经过几次民主浪潮的冲击,出现新一轮政治格局——社会主义人为意志的强制秩序论,逐步让位给自然秩序和政、经分梳的民主自由秩序,故形成现今的局面。具体而言,苏联解体和柏林墙的倒塌,使得社会主义道义和正统性质瓦解。所谓冷战结束于西方,就是这个普世价值胜出的结果。但是,人们看见这个历史结束式以外的政治地域格局:苏联解体,而中国崛起。于是,人类观察政治格局的视角,再次转换到对于东、西方价值观的重新审视。其中中国模式的出现,成为这个观察行为的焦点。按照东方兴起论和西方没落论百多年的争执,中国模式的表达一度是儒学天道论和欧美价值论的对峙。中国学人20世纪四十年代,就对这个欧美价值做出自身的判断——很可惜,这个判断的错误,导致中国社会主义的胜出。这是问题的一个提法——在中国,资本主义退出历史舞台——问题的再次彰显,出现在20世纪七十年代末叶。
换言之,中国社会主义模式(也就是这个模式发展的极至,如运动式,文革式等等)宣告濒临破产。所谓中国改革的出现,把课题转到我们的焦点叙述上。这个表述出现了以下的观点:中国资本主义的改革和欧美原本是资本主义制度之间的对峙和比较。换言之,无论是中国模式还是西方模式,在20世纪末叶遂告双双面世。于是,排除一些社会主义元教旨国家(如,朝鲜,如,古巴等)的社会主义制度,世界上出现了以资本为至高无上原则的国家和政权体制;这就是说,中国资本主义和欧美资本主义,都是资本主义;他们在经济贸易和外交层面上,业已形成一种资本“地心说”或者“太阳论”;其含义是,其运作和思维,只要是遵循资本规律,那么,人权和其他道德和思想诉求,就会自然退位,变成退而求其次甚至等而下之的诉求和需要。这个局面的出现标志,主要表现在美国人奥巴马访华的行为和言行特征里;但是,其最早的出现和萌芽,业已出现在美国人对于苏联建制时期布尔什维克的支持上。(见丹尼尔.伊斯图林著《彼得.博格俱乐部》一书22章/注附如后)
我们在另外处讲到俄罗斯灵魂索尔仁尼琴的同样看法——
在一部采访索尔仁尼琴的访谈片子里,这位几乎很少言及各国政治制度细节的伟大作家,却对他自己国家的体制,发出不满之声。首先,他扬言西方资本一直以来就是支持布尔什维克的;
第二,他们自己的国家资源被‘三百人’高层所垄断;
三,这些人收受贿赂,恶贯满盈。(《对话索尔什尼琴/The Dialogues with Solzhenitsyn》-2007年版)
索尔之言,道出他反对革命和进步的哲学观点。他说,世界近代现代以来变化很快;而几千年来,世界上(对于资源生态)的改变很少,很慢—-这个看法与吕贝松的电影《家园》同。吕贝松认为世界资本带来的掠夺性破坏,正在使得东西方世界被纳入一种万劫不复的巨大危机之中。于是,革命除去上述空洞和残酷的乌托邦理想和‘动物庄园’机制,制造了苏联和中国这样的古拉格和公社体制外,其带来的利益诱惑,在另外一个层面,使得资本和革命可以产生共谋和同构之关系。
他谈到的西方欧、 美支持布尔什维克之主张,却是他睁亮他的老人之眸而神态强调与明确言之之含。于是,我们从这个提示察拣到关乎于此的大量材料,证明索尔所言非虚,实是铁证凿凿,不容否认;却百多年来被人完全遗忘或者视而不见。(刘自立 《俄罗斯思想辨正》)

这样,历史和资本的逻辑表达式就出现这样的历史结局。美国立国精神和资本秩序之间,一直以来存在着同样博弈的过程。这个历史表达式存在于几个方面。用我们不太为人认可的判断而言就是,民主,一直以来就是民主(不完善)制度的批判者——且这个过程从来不会结束。简略而言,无论马丁.路德.金如何具备社会主义思想(他们要把佛罗里达州变成社会主义),他仍旧是美国历史转向成熟民主的里程碑;换言之,这个人权诉求本身,反映了美国价值的双面性质。一个是资本制度并不期待改变的原有不公正模式,一个是吸纳社会主义因素的资本制度之改变和进步。于是,在美国出现了如何抵制这样一种左右两翼竞争的难堪局面。(这个局面,同样表现在美国人应对一如智利前政治局面的考量当中——这只是冰山一角——如果人们因为可以压制苏联势力而镇压阿连德,袒护皮诺切克,那么,皮诺切克被英国政府抓捕本身,就业已纠正了美国人面对阿连德的政治正确论;反过来说,这个正确论,又表达在美国政府支持一个六四屠杀政权),于是,产生我们本课题面临的真正问题:是不是只要中国施行资本主义,其合理性合法性就会因为其资本的某种复兴而导致美国政权的支持与沆瀣?这个提问和美国本身制度中存在的两面性,处在何种考量之中?
从历史的演进来看,20世纪尼克松访华本身,并未让毛、周产生沆瀣美国资本的意志,他顶多采纳了基辛格的塔列朗式的战略外交;但是,历史本身的幽默和残酷,使得这个进程僭越了双方的政治底线,遂产生美国资本中的中国和中国资本中的美国。这个奇怪的局面,和邓在改革初期的基本预料,也并不若何符节;邓模式的出现,与其说是邓氏意志,不如说是资本的导向。资本的什么导向,使得美中两国出现这样一种几乎以同一原则为基准的互相“负责”之态势?换言之,也就是中美近来公报里提及的互动原则和互认原则呢?他包含认可对方的核心价值(共产党价值,还是中国一般性未定性、未来普世原则呈现的价值?),制度繁荣(共产党特权集团的繁荣,还是国人平等?),领土主权完整(谁的主权?)等等。这个局面和对此局面的判断,使得中美双方根本不像前苏美对峙局面,而更像美国和中国式皮诺切克政权的结合。于是,我们得出的并不美好的结论是:佛里德曼夸奖的智利独裁经济大发展,现在重新展现在中国模式之中,且具备更加广大的影响。这是左右两翼在整合所谓社会主义和资本主义上,据说做到完美的榜样和范式——按照范式之传统性质而论,中美间性关系的模式,其实不是元创,而是重复。这个重复有经济和政治两个方向。政治方向是,二战以来,罗斯福的绥靖主义政策,也就是他的苏美共治(抑或分治)政策,联合国政治。经济方向,则是他们双向的价值分梳式政治,对待苏联的经济竞争和对待中国的经济绥靖。这个绥靖政策源头,就是美国放弃中国内战时期的蒋介石政权而导致苏联与中共联合摧垮中华民国——且在制定马歇尔计划的几乎同时,放任艾奇逊,李普曼等人的战略放弃计划,也就是导致斯大林毛进攻汉城。
于是,同一个马歇尔可以是西欧政治价值的坚持者和施行者,也可以是防止蒋介石剿灭共产党军队于东北的麻烦制造者(见相关史料),遂导致美苏之间新边疆的出现。这个对华政策回到尼克松基辛格以后,大致在给予共产党所谓加入WTO方面,完成了我们称之为双向加入资本舞台的准入许可证游戏。这个游戏的完成,是以忽略中国这个社会主义国家罔顾人权的现状为条件(其实是不讲条件)。于是,所谓市场经济的说法,成为美中资本游戏的潜规则。这个潜规则是什么?就是我们在讲述资本基本性质时提过的、那些为极权批判家甚至马克思主义者批判过的资本效应论;从其广大的资本市场之不同法律状况而言,基本上分梳成为两个市场。一个是法制市场。一个是无法官场经济(伪市场经济)。这是非常明了的事实。这些事实人们称之为低人权或者无人权经济。但是,奥巴马等人却完全为上海等地的高楼大厦所蒙蔽,产生托克维尔等人所谓革命论和旧制度崩溃,恰在经济发展时期之论之反面强调——我们说,这个唯经济发展论,在成就中国世袭政权人士和共产党特权人士的吸血效应外,就是供给美国消费市场,欧洲消费市场以中国奴工血汗换来的廉价产品。这个世界贸易的所谓自由体系之自由,恰恰是以牺牲中国奴工的生命为代价。这个考量,尚未计算中国人破坏环境和为渊驱鱼,为丛驱雀、浩劫资源的非绿色GDP增长。所有这些都在证明西方资本主义的现实考量中,偏向其本国国家利益而罔顾中国人的人权和尊严的资本主义。于是,我们说,一个坏资本主义和一个好一些的资本主义,如今正在打造一个奇特的价值罔顾环境。这是第一点。
第二点,就是这种资本模式的深刻含义导致的中国模式的存在,意味着何种政治前景之预估,也就是说,中国模式,其实是西方坏资本主义模式的延伸和畸变。重复而言,中国坏资本主义模式存在的前提有二,一个是他号称仍旧坚持社会主义——也就是蜕变成为一个资本家的资本主义(托洛茨基语);资本的国有制(现在的说法是“国进民退”——而“民”从未进过,只是一种补充形式),导致思想的国有制;等等。这些判断是对极权主义的基本认知,而为美国政客所回避。这样的回避,遂产生美国不能和平演变中国为自由国家之局面,不能演变的局面,导致什么结果?这个结果,就是西方人,西方制度和历史一向以来所熟悉的新殖民主义模式。这个模式,简单说来,就是以中国为制造基地,而以美欧为消费场所所导致的美国欧洲资本沆瀣中国权贵的中国卖国主义新局面。这个局面,正在以中国模式和美欧模式共同积累其经济危机和政治危机,为末日预演做准备;虽然,这个准备,也许有自觉成分,也许有不自觉成分。这个模式的本质,就是世界经济贸易秩序的非自由化和非民主化成分在起作用。这个局面,也是西方资本主义历史演变的一个新局面。我们设想,这个局面产生两种效果。一个效果是,中国模式嫁接西方资本,产生其非人类经济模型的野蛮优势而驰骋于世;一个是,美欧国家及其政客为了捞取这个廉价利益,和独裁者联手制造一个世界无人权市场,继续以中国人的死亡和被奴役被和谐被污染被侮辱为代价,换取欧美人群的消费和享受。这个东西是什么东西?无论是阿伦特还是卢森堡,都有严格论述和说明——她们直接批判和解释了马克思误导的内部资本论,而非外部之(就是:剩余价值产生于西方市场本身这个错判错断——转换到剩余价值其实产生于殖民地和所谓不发达地域和中国这类“金砖”国家。)
我们只能再次重复引用之——
“ 阿伦特指责西方资本主义国家在国内实行民主制度,在殖民地执行总督制度。她还就此引出西方资本主义社会产生之‘多余的人’、被社会抛弃的群体,是形成法西斯主义之根源等等看法。
“卢森堡并未直接诉诸殖民地政治形式,却在批判《资本论》中简介涉及此课题。她关于资本运行和创造剩余价值的方式本身,提出了非《资本论》运行模式。这个模式,不是强调马克思主义内在资本运行的规律,而是强调资本外在抢掠的模式,导致所谓剩余价值的不断产生。这个模式的揭示非常重要。如果说,《资本论》的模式被现代资本主义运行模式否定了,那么,卢森堡解读和分析的现代资本主义运行模式,却极具现实感和真实性。这个模式的延伸,直接诉诸中国经济今天的运行模式——也就是,中国资本和西方资本连手的那种原始资本主义(甚至是资本奴隶制度)积累过程之再现。这个发现,使得卢森堡至少在其眼光独特和观察深刻方面,独占熬头,她确乎成了鹰——而马克思和列宁,成了鸡——中共呢,正好迎合了西方资本主义的外在掠夺模式,和那些见利忘义的资本沆瀣一气,制造了现代资本主义和殖民主义的另类范畴,很需要强力研究之。为此,我们引述卢森堡的观点,以便澄清关于‘马克思正确论者’的误导。
“ 阿伦特在介绍《资本的积累》一书时写道:‘既然资本主义‘在经济矛盾的压力下’,从未表现出任何崩溃的迹象,罗莎(即罗莎.卢森堡)就开始寻找一种外部原因,来解释资本主义的持续增长的过程并不仅仅是支配资本主义生产的先天规律的产物。尽管‘资本主义’试图征服者些国家并将他们纳入自己的影响范围,但是当这个过程蔓延到整个国土时,她就不得不面对大地上那些和他不同的部分,亦即前资本主义的地区,并把它们拉如到资本积累的过程中来。而这一资本积累的过程,正如它从来所是的那样,靠吞噬所有外在于它的东西为生。换句话说,马克思所说的‘资本原始积累’并不是像原罪那样祇发生过一次的事件,或者祇是由最初的资本家来进行唯一的一次掠夺行为,然后就引发出一个积累过程,按照他的内在规律或‘铁的必然性’运作直至最后的崩溃。相反,为了保持这个系统的运作,这种掠夺必然是一遍一遍重复进行的。因此,资本主义并不是一个产生它自身矛盾并‘孕育着革命’的封闭系统,相反,它不断以吞食外部要素为生。”(见阿伦特《黑暗中的人们》/刘自立《卢森堡和社会民主主义》)

这些论述说明了两种市场,两种价值,两种前途存在之博弈。也就是说,政治历史上左右两翼的价值评估,往往产生的表象,其实,原自其利益的驱动;而凡是利益驱动,都为合法之资本主义,和其同样元创之人权论和民主论,刚好齐头并进,互为前提;也就是资本主义哲学层面的物质-精神论式的笛卡儿主义或者人文-宗教双主义之现实。深刻而言,当马基雅维利严词批判西方基督教带来的羸弱和奴性(像尼采观点)的那一刻,西方实用主义崇尚异教身强力壮和揭穿虚伪之道的行为准则,就开始摒弃唯道德论和唯价值论,产生了其几百年的殖民主义历史——也就是阿伦特说的对内民主,对外“不”民主历史!从其运作准则上说,其水低流向的资本准则,当然不会整合合理优势和搭配最佳力道,而是换取中国市场这样的廉价暴利之追求——这是他们资本家本性自外其道德准则的第二来源,即资本来源,即利益主义。这是无可争执之结论。所有政治外交文化甚至经济游戏本身,就包含“上帝就是魔鬼”这种双重性质和互反因素——也就是说,资本主义可以是人权和公正的起源,也可以呈现价值罔顾,烧人(加尔文烧死塞尔维特)和镇压(法国断头台)的另外一个图面;但是,其最主要的原则,则是经验主义的实用主义和实利主义原则。让一个美国政客考虑一个中国劳工的血泪史,业已和让奥巴马公开说出一个异议人士的姓名一样,就像骆驼穿过针眼!这就是我们认可的政治前景之难度。这个难度,在摒弃一切其他因素之后,就剩下其最重要的因素,就是中国资本和美国资本的勾结和对峙。
接下来的课题就是,这两种模式之间如何运作,其运作式和中国自由民主前景之间的关系,又是如何?这是一个偌大的课题。简略而言,我们认为其间有几种可能性存在于兹。这些可能性是,一,美国模式继续沆瀣中国模式,以完成(抑或不完成)这种世界一体化进程。在这个进程中,美国资本流入中国,继续以南桔北栀之效果而罔顾中国人权和自由民主。于是,产生第二点,美国政治抑或美国政客,继续和中国政客一起,并不真正诉求于资本利益以外的任何关注,而一门心思只是讲究所谓美国国家利益和中共集团利益,遂使得中国奴隶和劳工生济继续发生危机和告警;三,美国人继续倾倒电子甚至更具污染之垃圾于中国各地;四,在保护和侵害中国生态环境、能源诸问题上,故左右而言他;五,于是,这个双向危害中国长江大河的资本主义竞争和同谋,遂使得中国不仅仅发身社会政治抗争,而且更加重要的,是产生对于中国自然生态环境和基本生存环境的攻击和侵害。于是,在中国与在欧美一样,一如电影大师吕贝松等人揭示的环保课题,就会在极权主义经济发展和对于极权主义之核心利益和美国国家利益,双向认可和侵蚀下,归于0增长,负增长(按照绿色GDP衡量——见王维洛先生说法)的危害。任何人权和生态组织之非权利化和国家化,正是导致生态做秀主义之根本(也见阿伦特语)。
在这个意义上,敦促美国内部价值坚持者,出来对抗政客之利益主义,应该是呼应中国民主派意志的最好选择。但是,这个选择,即便出现在美国南西.佩罗西这样的议员身上,也已今非昨比,是为憾事。
最后的结局也许就是这样。
在历经了对于美国和中国负面价值的退让之后,世界经济的走向因为这种负面因素,中国因素的加入,而更显畸形,深藏危机。于是,一方面是美国人继续玩弄这个中国模式,一方面是,中国模式本身存在的社会和政治隐形问题,逐渐暴露台面(其实已经大面积爆发达年万余起民众反抗……)——这必将反过来影响美国经济,甚至影响美国政治——于是,美国政客或许对于纵容中国模式,产生略微的矫正;但是,截至眼下,其整体纵容政策,未见根本改观;只是局限在贸易纷争层面和层级——但是,更加重要的是,中国政权势必无力纠正他们的惯性运势,故使得经济社会危机越演越列,直到旧制度和大革命发生关系,引起巨变;而这个巨变,必将不是任何良性力量的推导和控制,很可能演化成为无政府主义和民粹主义动乱。政权既无置衡这个局变的力道,也不会放任任何体制内改革,最后,只能撕破官民之间的尚存的任何一种类似中国古代的社稷卫护。他们是一群比之皇权中人,更加不管身后洪水滔天之辈!所以,在此意义上,美国绥靖主义对待中国模式的观感,正好适应中国官场惟利是图,恣意破坏,浩劫而去之命运。最后,当这个其经济模式绝对不可持续之政权,最后发生某种类似财源枯竭,道数业尽,百姓造反之现象出现;美国人,必会就此抛弃之而另起炉灶。这难道是我们世界,我们中国和你们美国人最为欣赏的结局吗?是不是可以挽澜既倒,另谋出路呢?看来,奥巴马没有这个智慧,其他人呢?美国有识之士呢?
鄙认为,现在比任何时期,都需要美国站出来一个注重普世价值和现实政治韬略者,以改观眼下的庸俗政治局面——奥巴马本人,应该被“改变”掉——抑或被明智的某种压力所改变。
美国对华政策应该从服从中共智囊的可悲沮丧之态中完全改变。
“改变”,需要改变。
至于中国之出路、之选择,似乎只好交付给命运了——虽然,西方人认,宿命往往是弱者的选择。
那么,人民是弱者还是强者呢?
人民的身份认定究竟是什么?是极权主义定义下的服从者,还是一般而言的反抗者,其间的考量,又该如何?

注:第二十二章 布尔什维克的恩人
  
  如果没有布尔什维克的革命失败,俄国的工业发展肯定会超过美国、英国和欧洲;而我们现在就将生活在一个非常不同的世界里。但是,通过支持布尔什维克的革命,美国金融家在第二次世界大战之前,延缓了俄国的工业增涨速度。华尔街的银行界和投资人在幕后控制了俄国的工业发展,从而阻止俄国成为一个超级大国。
  最初的一个主要的对俄国革命进行金融支持的人,是苏克兰出生的安德鲁卡内基,他是美国的钢铁巨子,一八九二年他就拥有世界最大的钢铁公司。卡内基也是他那个时代最富有的慈善家,他支持他认为值得的事业。他相信,“一个死去的时候依旧富有是耻辱的”。到他一九一九年辞世,他共捐助了三点五亿美元。他还建立了一个分送财富的组织——卡内基基金会。美国内战中,卡内基还很年轻,他亲眼目睹了内战的恐怖,所以他捐助了一千万美元建立国际和平基金会。该基金会的目的是组织未来战争的发生。在这个方针指引下,基金会受托人董事会编制了“马尔堡计划”。
  詹宁斯万斯在《伍德罗·威尔逊:革命的信徒》中写道,这个计划的目的就是:“将国际金融家与社会主义者联为一体,共同压制国联(联合国的前身)的成立,以强制和平……控制其委员会……(并进而)对人类的所有政治问题提供针对性解决方案。”88
  该计划是在第一次世界大战之后编制的。第一次世界大战对同盟国和轴心国都造成了可怕的生命损失,那时,“强制和平”是一种政治修正,也是卡内基为之奋斗的自豪理想。不过,这里面有一个隐藏的假设,“强制”和平同样意味着必须发动战争的必要前提。而卡内基可能并不知道,他的受托人董事会为未来所准备的、掩藏在马尔堡蓝图之下的秘密内容。
  安东尼萨顿向我们提供了实施“马尔堡计划”的背景——配合处于国际金融控制者“终极力量”控制之下的国际政府。“俄国是那时——也是现在——全球最大的未开发市场。而且,俄国,当时和现在,一直都是美国工业和金融优势的最大潜在威胁。”89
  因此,萨顿进一步解释说,“马尔堡计划”的缔造者们需要发展一种覆盖全球的垄断,而不仅仅只是他们自己的后院。“被美国工业控制的州际商务委员会和联邦贸易委员会所能在自家后院为美国工业实现的,如果从华尔街和华盛顿特区给予适当的支持和推动,一个计划的、海外社会主义政府也能为它做到。”
 
  不满的温床
  
二十世纪更替之际,沙皇尼古拉斯二世统治俄国。他是罗马诺夫王朝(始于一九一三年,终结于一九一七年)最后一任的统治者。在第一次世界大战之前,他统治的版图大约有八百五十万平方英里,与土耳其、波斯、阿富汗、蒙古和中国接壤,波兰、波罗的海诸国和芬兰也是俄国的领土。按照美国少将约翰﹒汉布里﹒威廉爵士(他作为一名英国军官,在战争期间驻扎在俄国)的说法,沙皇对“同盟国事业的忠诚,只有他对将战争进行到底的决心可以媲美。”
  罗曼诺夫王朝从彼得大帝时代就开始将俄国西方化。尼古拉斯二世试图让俄国工业达到欧洲的现代化科技水准。不幸的是,他用的是他的劳力。许多人一天工作十二个小时,只有最低的工资,而这些则为一九〇五年彼得堡“血色星期日”有组织的工人抗议建好了舞台。不过,沙皇的军队镇压了第一次起义。旧有的秩序维持着风雨飘扬的权力,一直到战争的第一年。直到一九一八年,机会再度出现,独裁统治被推翻,沙皇尼古拉斯二世及其家族被处以死刑。
  吉奥格斯海顿的书《强奸宪法:自由之死》很有趣。从中我们能知道,约翰D洛克菲勒的个人特使,乔治凯南花了二十年来鼓动对俄国沙皇的革命行动。他的出现和影响使美国资本家很容易通过善意的援助,利用“仆从”俄国市场来压制反叛者。
  为什么洛克菲勒和他的银行家们如此着急推翻俄国独裁统治?这是否是又一个,发动俄国革命更相关的理由?
  一句话:是的。答案的意思今天和一百年前一样。石油!在布尔什维克起义之前,俄国超越美国成为全球第一产油国。一九〇〇年,俄国富有石油的巴库油田生产了超过美国生产总量的原油,一九〇二年,它的原油产量超过了全球产量的一半。
  革命的混乱和破坏摧毁了俄国的石油工业。在《华尔街和布尔什维克革命》一书中,萨顿写道,“由于缺乏技术,到一九二二年,一半的油井都荒废了”,另外一半也几乎无法使用。
  在《洛克菲勒档案中》,加里艾伦也提到了,革命摧毁了美国的竞争。“在很多年里,革命有效地消灭了标准石油公司对俄国的竞争,(这种情形一直持续到)标准公司再一次进入并重新开始俄国的石油生意。”
但是,华尔街银行家们为了消灭(威胁自己的)竞争,并让俄国人民在数十年里保持贫困和堕落,他们必须找到可以实施成功革命的领袖。弗拉基米尔﹒乌里扬诺夫﹒列宁和列夫﹒托洛茨基出现了。
——摘自《彼得.博格俱乐部》

谈谈穆斯林的西班牙

谈谈穆斯林的西班牙

读西班牙游记,一般提到摩尔人,也许是译名的问题,难留下记忆。再说,摩尔人
这个称呼也不明,到底怎么个摩尔,不象突厥人那么清晰。而一般称北非那块人柏
柏尔,古罗马还出了几个皇帝。其实黑人白人血缘近,很早就有人留意到。而东亚
人为什么特别呢?我一直以为是饮食的缘故,比如说东亚人食蔬,豆,猪与鸡,而
非、欧食牛与羊。直觉得欧非人的发就象牛毛,或羊毛一般,东亚更象猪毛。动物
油脂占很大的份额,我了解到的蒙古亚人种,以至爱斯基摩人与火地岛土著都爱摄
取海狮油,火地人干脆就生食,或者掺一点达尔文菇。还记得童年时一直都很珍贵
的猪油。

这么解说怕与蒙古人不适,那成吉思汗的铁蹄,就当一回特例。

穆斯林虽源于亚洲,也是纯粹游牧民,食牛羊的,故而与欧非近,还有犹太人也近。
早先人种上有汉米特人,闪米特人,闪米特人就包括犹太阿拉伯游牧民。汉米特呢,
古埃及北非肯定包括柏柏尔人。闪米特与汉米近,那一带地域不大,人种确分明,
但也混血得可以。上回抄康德的《通俗人类学》提及西班牙的混血,这阿拉柏铁蹄,
不仅与西哥特混,还与斯拉夫混。人类的一部历史就是战争史,战争史同时是一部
混血史。这么说西班牙的所有混血都有可能是摩尔人,纯粹的少,包括王家。混血,
也只有份量的多少,摩尔人这个称谓却只有宗教意义,有人说肤色。北边的人自然
白一些,富贵也会。

阿拉伯人自默罕默德创教后,齐心合力,征战不可一世。不到五十年便占据北非,
于公元七一一年登陆西班牙,那时西哥特分崩离溃,北非柏柏尔人登陆,便开始了
八百年的占领。当然,西班牙历史上自腓尼基,迦太基,古罗马,西哥特,就没有
多少自己作主。只是天主教重征服(十字军),殖民,才有了强大的西班牙帝国。
自现代国家概念的引入,美西战争后,小小的西班牙,偎缩于西南欧的一角。

穆斯林把北非叫马格里布。塔立格背水沉舟,占领直布罗陀以后,沉着“左汉尼拔”
的方向,进中部古都托雷多进军。沿途收罗大部的犹太人,得到犹太人帮助。兵不
血刃占领了托莱多,那是七一二年秋。同年六月,北非主帅穆萨主力,一连夺下南
方诸城,围攻一年方夺下赛维亚。直布罗陀因塔立格而命名,穆萨成为阿拉伯人征
服西班牙后的第一个统治者,担任北非总督兼西班牙省长。继任者苏莱曼,公元七
一六到七五六年被称为穆斯林的省督时代。先锋塔立格是柏柏尔人,省督却源于倭
马亚调遣的阿拉伯人。

穆萨第一次率十八万阿拉伯大军,其中古莱氏族的一些上层人物,但大多是以盖斯
族为代表的半岛北方部落阿拉伯人。第二批阿拉伯人是候尔带去的也门地区、以勒
尔比为代表的南方阿拉伯部落。接着又从叙利亚调叙利亚阿拉伯人。这是主要的三
批,后来,阿拉伯人仍源源不断前往伊比利亚半岛。

七一一年塔立格进入西班牙后,柏柏尔人如潮水般涌入西班牙,或掠夺财富,或定
居肥沃土壤。从此,伊比利亚半岛成了柏柏尔人外迁地,一直到五十年后倭马亚王
朝建立。柏柏尔人在北非多住山区,到西班牙后仍住山区。柏柏尔人受北方阿拉伯
人的排挤,斗不过有政府支持的阿拉伯人。

混血,包括阿拉伯人与柏柏尔混,阿拉伯与西班牙混,阿拉伯与赛嗄里卜(斯拉夫)
混。阿拉伯人远征不带家小,就地择偶,同异族女子联姻,大量混血穆斯林,西班
牙与柏柏尔女子皮肤血暂,面容俊美,金发碧眼,深得阿拉伯男子喜爱。混血儿都
必须随父信仰伊斯兰教,讲阿拉伯语。举一例,穆萨次子阿卜杜,继任西班牙省长,
将首府从托雷多迁往赛维亚,就是与西哥特王室联姻,娶旧国王罗德里克的女儿为
妻(一说遗孀)。

犹太人虽受西哥特人与罗马人压制,不改宗,不混血。靠拢阿拉伯人,并受到阿拉
伯人的优容。穆斯林与犹太人一起,共同防首已攻下的城市。

to be continued…

雏菊

雏菊

在马德里植物园的书店,我买了几本植物书。按理,到任何一个国家与城市,我都
要先走访植物园。以前是大教堂,现在改植物园,安静一下,调节一下时差与风土。
我手头有许多西语的植物书,有亚马逊的,有哥拉帕加斯的,有巴塔戈尼亚的,还
有一本葡萄牙语的水果书,翻翻图即是,不知何年何月何时可以细读?

买植物书,总有点未雨缪谋,先了解一下此地风土,植物首当其冲,这是丹纳的
《艺术哲学》中说的。植物够诗,有生命与灵魂。地质、岩石就有点过!我读“二
七一代”的诗都有很重的植物气,难怪西班牙的植物够丰富。天然气候,再加上阿
拉伯人早先的引入种。其实,就是最通常的油橄榄,又何尝不是引进品种?

安达卢西达漫山遍野,倒成了三毛梦中的橄榄树:

为了天空飞翔的小鸟
为了山间清流的小溪
为了宽阔的草原
流浪远方 流浪
还有 还有
为了梦中的橄榄树

我买的两本植物书,一本是欧洲的花卉,一本是地中海植物。欧洲的花卉中有许多
种菊,还有跟菊类似的毛茛科,十字花科植物。我一翻之下,留意到一种叫Maya的
花,就是人们通俗称呼的小“雏菊”,Maya – Bellis perennis


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bellis_perennis

雏菊,似乎意大利的最有名,好象牛虻在狱墙上有有。中文别名长命菊、延命菊。

最先读到“雏菊”这个名,是一首诗,也是狱墙内。

一朵小小雏菊
开在狱墙上
在阴雨的日子里
你是阳光
在晴朗的日子
你闪着希望

perennis, the Specific pithecus意思是多年生,这里译成长命,也是。

也祝咖啡多年生,如雏菊般艰涩与长命!

西班牙两骑士

西班牙两骑士

在特雷多的礼品店中,有特多的剑售。我以前对剑并不留意,还不知道有这许多款
式,都是中世纪。中世纪西班牙是十字军的另一个前沿,或者说是早已的前沿,前
沿的前沿,此包括法国史诗《罗兰之歌》的查里曼。在特雷多我住的店就叫阿方索
六世,阿方索六世的门口有一尊现代钢塑--傻瓜一看了都知道是唐吉科德(西语
叫Don Quijote)--那源于赛万提斯书中的角色!

前一回去西班牙,赶忙把家里的《熙德之歌》读了,读得不细心,玩得也不专心。
这回还带着熙德,在马德里的第一夜不好睡,便一口气读完,这回有了感觉,白天
在广场书店里还买了西语版,兼买了两本洛尔伽诗集,“二七一代”等。关健是名
词与方位,建立在名词方位上的感情不是一下就行的,得慢慢积累,就象梅里美考
古凯撒门达古战场
,考遍了安达卢西亚一带地名,考出了一部《卡门》,赛维亚,科多瓦,直布罗陀,
龙达,高辛……这学问就自然,这艺术更扎实。

应该说,对西班牙的感情源于西班牙语,而西班牙语却是源于赤道国的一行。喝了
古柯茶也说不定,上回赤道国中说赤道说过了。在特雷多,左不过小孩纠缠,还是
买了两把小小的剑,一把是熙德的剑,一把是唐吉科德的。至于卡罗五世,阿方索
六世,就另当别说。一国的历史风云,国王自然显赫,而骑士更多传奇。我就想,
以后会不会有唐候赛式的剑呢?现代中国文人,一提到绿林好汉都摇头,甚至有否
定《水浒》的架式,这在西班牙,尤其是安达卢西亚,绝对不会的。记得洛尔伽为
好友斗牛士梅亚斯之死写的换歌,在下午五点钟,是洛尔伽诗中极品。洛尔伽喜欢
斗牛士,说喜欢那生死一瞬间的光彩生命。又说了,与洛尔伽一道处决的四个人中,
就有两个斗牛士,此话不提。


Tizona del Cid

熙德的剑是这样的,我只留意到剑柄之别,当然上有提名。熙德原名罗德里戈*鲁
伊*迪亚斯,一零四三年生于距布尔戈市九公里的比瓦尔村。这样不带西语的陈述
估计都是云里雾里,我早先读“熙德之歌”就这么云里雾里。那时西班牙的大部都
是摩尔人占领,只有阿斯图利亚斯是重收复的基地。若干世纪前,矮子丕平及其子
查里曼,侄儿罗兰曾与穆斯林贤君--古莱氏人的雄鹰--拉赫曼一战,大败而归。
我这里说摩尔人,书中有说柏柏尔人,而古莱氏,却是地道的阿拉伯贵族。拉赫曼
是倭马亚王朝逃生的一位后嗣,王家血统,苦难身世,故能成就一番伟业。而熙德
的年代,也就阿方索六世时代,摩尔人就暗落了。就在阿方索六世手里,托雷多被
基督徒占领,那时讲宗教战争。

熙德是职业军人,娶了阿方索的堂妹,因为攻击托雷多被流方一次,后重归于好,
又因为随国王出游迟到而放逐。《熙德之歌》就是第二次放逐中的事,军人以战事
而谋生,

也因此他得到“熙德康佩阿多尔”的美称。至于他怎样征战,从孤家寡人直到占据
巴伦西亚,两位女儿出嫁,与国王重归于好,史诗中都有细叙。我只想提两件事,
一是熙德在摩尔国王军中服役,作过萨拉戈萨国王的保护人,这点书中略去;二是
终场的托雷多公审大会,托雷多虽然一直是阿方索的保护国,纳税,但公审时,已
掌握在阿方索的手上,早已是基督徒的地盘。

我怎么也学会了熙德式的语气?

另一位骑士虽是传奇,文学作品,也是家喻户晓。记得读华盛顿顿*欧文的阿尔布拉
故事中就提及当时游牧民一直当真,弄得他也没折。小说长大,说实在的,我也没
通读完一遍,但知其好,我手头还有多雷的插图版,极妙!当然,我还看过一部巴
蕾舞剧,精彩无比,还得借了录像带来看。唐吉科德就不用我多说了,只附其剑。


Espada Rapiera De Don Quijote

西班牙才回来,读书调时差,身体还得适应纽约的严寒,随便写几个字,算咖啡新
年的见面礼!