For other Labor Day information, visit our Labor Day 2009 page.
Labor Day: How it Came About; What it Means
Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country.
Founder of Labor Day
More than 100 years after the first Labor Day observance, there is still some doubt as to who first proposed the holiday for workers.
Some records show that Peter J. McGuire, general secretary of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners and a cofounder of the American Federation of Labor, was first in suggesting a day to honor those “who from rude nature have delved and carved all the grandeur we behold.”
But Peter McGuire’s place in Labor Day history has not gone unchallenged. Many believe that Matthew Maguire, a machinist, not Peter McGuire, founded the holiday. Recent research seems to support the contention that Matthew Maguire, later the secretary of Local 344 of the International Association of Machinists in Paterson, N.J., proposed the holiday in 1882 while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union in New York. What is clear is that the Central Labor Union adopted a Labor Day proposal and appointed a committee to plan a demonstration and picnic.
The First Labor Day
The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883.
In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a “workingmen’s holiday” on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country.
Labor Day Legislation
Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first governmental recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886. From them developed the movement to secure state legislation. The first state bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon on February 21, 1887. During the year four more states — Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York — created the Labor Day holiday by legislative enactment. By the end of the decade Connecticut, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania had followed suit. By 1894, 23 other states had adopted the holiday in honor of workers, and on June 28 of that year, Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.
A Nationwide Holiday
The form that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take were outlined in the first proposal of the holiday — a street parade to exhibit to the public “the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations” of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civic significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.
The character of the Labor Day celebration has undergone a change in recent years, especially in large industrial centers where mass displays and huge parades have proved a problem. This change, however, is more a shift in emphasis and medium of expression. Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television.
The vital force of labor added materially to the highest standard of living and the greatest production the world has ever known and has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. It is appropriate, therefore, that the nation pay tribute on Labor Day to the creator of so much of the nation’s strength, freedom, and leadership — the American worker.
Apollo et Hyacinthus is an opera, K. 38, written in 1767 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who was 11 years old at the time. It is Mozart’s first true opera (when one considers that Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebotes is simply a sacred drama). It is in three acts. As is suggested by the name, the opera is based upon Greek mythology as told by Roman poet Ovid in his masterwork Metamorphoses. Interpreting this work, Rufinus Widl wrote the libretto in Latin.
King Oebalus of Lacedaemonia and his son, Hyacinthus are preparing a sacrifice to Apollo when their altar is struck by a bolt of lightning. Apollo himself arrives to offer his friendship to young Hyacinthus and love to his sister, Melia. Melia’s euphoria over the prospect of marrying a deity is shattered, however, when Zephyrus runs in to report that Apollo had killed Hyacinthus with a discus. But just as Zephyrus is finishing his story, Apollo himself blows in and sends the liar off with a blast of the west wind. The distraught Melia doesn’t know what to believe and shuns the god as she leaves to find her brother.
As it turns out, Hyacinthus manages to identify Zephyrus as his killer to his father as he expires. Oebalus and Melia sing a duet of grief that so touches Apollo that he turns the boy’s body into the flower hyacinthus (with its signature marking), and reaffirms his love for Melia.
Oebalus, Lacedemoniæ Rex, Tenor.
Melia, Oebali Filia, Sopranus.
Hyacinthus, Oebali Filius, Sopranus.
Apollo, ab Oebalo hospitio exceptus, Altus.
Zephyrus, Hyacinthi intimus, Altus.
Sacrificulus Apollinis primus, Bassus.
Sacrificulus Apollinis secundus, Bassus.
Scena fingitur in urbe Sardi.
PROLOGUS
Oebalus Rex, fulmine aram Apollini sacrificantis destruente territus, a suis erigitur et Apollinem exsulem excipit.
Hyacinthus, Zephyrus, deinde Oebalus et Melia.
Hyacinthus: Amice! Iam parata sunt omnia.
Aderit, ut spero, cum sorore dilecta meus
Ad sacra, quae constituit, actutum Pater.
Zephyrus: Ni fallor, est Apollo, quem colitis.
Hyacinthus: Hic est.
Zephyrus: Apollini ergo tanta sacrificia parat Oebalus?
An alios nescit in coelis Deos?
An Semelis ergo natus, an Juno, Venus,
Diana, Mars, Vulcanus, an Supernum potens
Caput atque Princeps ture nil vestro indigent?
Hyacinthus: Quibusque consecramus, o Zephyre! Diis
Nullusque nostris vacuus a templis abiit:
At solus istud Apollo sibi templum suo
Vindicat honori. Genitor hunc magnum Deum
Veneratur, et ego veneror exemplo Patris.
Zephyrus: O care! Quam libenter offerrem ilia
Pectusque, si tu Apollo mihi meus fores!
Hyacinthus: Dilecte quid me Zephyre! Permisces Diis?
Honore non me dignor, at novi bene:
Extorsit ista nimius in Hyacinthum amor.
(Venit Oebalus et Melia.)
Sed en! Sorore comite nunc Genitor venit.
Oebalus: Dic nate! Num parata sacrificio hostia
Et ignes?
Hyacinthus: Ecce genitor! Ad nutum omnia
Parata præstolantur adventum tuum.
Oebalus: Bene: ergo succedantur a flamine focus,
Et thure plurimo ara prægravis gemat,
Fumusque sacrificantis in nubes eat.
Melia: Heu genitor! Atra nube tempestas minax
Ingruit, et omnis glomerat huc noctem Polus.
Oebalus: Adeste! Longioris impatiens moræ
Apollo thus et hostiam a nobis petit.
Fugiet ad istas sæva tempestas preces,
Et blanda facies solis his iterum plagis
Redibit. Agite! Fundite et mecum preces.
Chorus: Numen o Latonium!
Audi vota supplicum,
Qui ter digno Te honore
Certant sancte colere:
Hos benigno Tu favore
Subditos prosequere.
Oebalus: O Apollo creditam
Tibi semper protege
Et dignare lumine
Oebali Laconiam.
(Fulmen ignem et aram destruit.)
Melia, Oebalus, Hyacinthus, Zephyrus.
Melia: Heu me! Periimus! Numen heu nostras preces respuit!
Oebalus: An aliquis forsan ex vobis Deum violavit?
Malia: Haud me Genitor ullius ream
Invenio culpæ.
Hyacinthus: Semper hunc colui Deum.
(O Zephyre! Quantum timeo ne verbis tuis
Hæc ira sit succensa quædixti prius.)
Zephyrus: (Hyacinthe! Si me diligis, cela Patrem,
Et verba prolata prius a nobis tace!)
Oebalus: Extinctus ignis, ara subversa, hostia
Contempta nobis grande præsagit malum!
Heu totus hoc concussus a fulmine tremo!
Hyacinthus: Erigere mentem Genitor! Insonentem geris
Animum, quid ergo Numine a bono mali
Metuas? Ab isto fulmine es læsus nihil,
Nostrumque nemo, quotquot adsumus, ruit.
Vivimus, et omnes pristinus vigor beat:
Hinc terruisse voluit hoc fulmine Deus
Terras, potestas pateat ut mundo magis,
Maneatque cum fiducia in nobis timor.
Sæpe terrent Numina,
Surgunt, et minantur,
Fingunt bella, quæ nos angunt,
Mittunt tela, quæ non tangunt,
At post ficta nubila
Rident et iocantur.
Et amore
Et tremore
Gentes stringunt subditas:
Nunc amando,
Nunc minando,
Salva stat auctoritas.
Oebalus, deinde Apollo, Hyacinthus, Melia, Zephyrus.
Oebalus: Ah, Nate! Vera loqueris: at metuo tamen,
Apollo ne fors perdat hoc igne Oebalum.
(Accedit Apollo.)
Apollo: Apollo vestras audit, o credite! preces
Suamque pollicetur his terris opem,
Recipere si velitis hunc modo exsulem
Iramque fulminantis exosum Iovis.
Oebalus: Quid? Numen hac sub veste pastoris latens
In nostra præsens regna suscipi cupit?
Hyacinthus: En Genitor! ut lusisse nos superi solent!
Iam tibi medelam sæva post vulnera Deus
Adfert, tuamque regiam præsens beat.
Melia: O quam beato sidere hæc nubila dies
Nos recreat, ipse Apollo dum nostros lares
Optatus hospes visitat! O quantus decor!
Quæ forma! quanta dignitas! Quanta omnibus
Gloriaque membris atque maiestas sedet!
Apollo: Melia! quid in pastore tam dignum vides
Suspensa quod mirere?
Melia: Video.
Apollo: Et quid vides?
Eloquere pulchra!
Melia: Video pulchrum Apollinem,
Cui cum Parente corda iamdudum obtuli.
Apollo: Quod obtulisti pectus, haud revoca amplius;
Hoc inter orbis dona præprimis placet.
Hyacinthus: (Me quoque tremenda dignitas timidum facit.)
Apollo: Hyacinthe! amicum semper addictum tibi
Habebis in me, amare si Deum potes.
Hyacinthus: O quanta res, diligere si Hyacinthum potes!
Zephyrus: (Heu! nunc amatum Apollo mihi puerum rapit!)
Oebalus: Dies beata! Numen o sanctum! meos,
Manere si dignaris, ingredere Lares,
Diuque me rogante nobiscum mane.
Apollo: Habebis in me, crede, tibi facilem Deum.
Iam pastor Apollo
Custodio greges,
Nixus et baculo
Vigilans sto;
Iam pascere nolo
Et visito reges,
Iam medicinas
Mortalibus do.
Moestus levare
Aegros iuvare
Est sola tangens
Apollinem res:
Hic me manente,
Vobis favente,
Rex omni rege
Beatior es.
CHORUS I
Apollo propter necem Hyacintho illatam Oebali regia discedere iubetur.
Oebalus, Melia.
Oebalus: Amare numquid Filia, haud dubito, Deum,
Favore qui ter dignus est nostro, potes?
Melia: Quid loquere, Pater? Apollo mortalem
Sibi me iugali cupiat adiungi toro?
Oebalus: Dubitare noli, Apollo te sponsam petit,
Meumque, libertate sed Nata utere
Tua, roganti placidus adsensum dedi.
Melia: Negare cum me, Genitor! adsensum putes?
Quæ virgo contempsisse divinum virum
Tantosque honores, stulta nisi et animi impotens
Fuerit, et obstitisse fortunæ velit?
Oebalus: Prudenter istud Nata! coniugium eligis;
Sic namque per te Frater et Genitor tuus,
Sic et Nepotes sorte divina eminent
Sic nostra diva efficitur his facibus domus.
Melia: Dic, ubi moratur Apollo? colloquio illius
O ut liceret optimo actutum frui!
Oebalus: Cum Fratre disco ludit et Zephyro simul
In nemore. At huc redibit, ut spero,citus
Tuumque me præsente consensum petet.
Melia: O petat! habebit omne, quod pectus cupit.
Lætari, iocari
Fruique divinis
Honoribus stat
Dum Hymen optimus
Tædis et floribus
Grata, beata
Connubia iungit
Et gaudia dat.
Iam diva vocabor
Si Numen amabo;
Per astra vagabor
Et nubes calcabo;
Et urbes, et regna
Devoveant se,
Et Fauni adorent,
Et Satyri me.
(Accedit Zephyrus.)
Zephyrus, Oebalus, Melia.
Zephyrus: Rex! de salute Filii est actum; iacet
Hyacinthus!
Oebalus: Heu me! nuntium o tristem nimis!
Qua morte cecidit?
Zephyrus: Ictus a disco ruit.
Oebalus: Quis Filium occidisse non timuit meum?
Zephyrus: Apollo.
Oebalus: Contremisco!
Melia: Superi quid? Deus,
Qui me beare voluit, hic Fratri necem
Sit machinatus? Ista quis credat tibi?
Zephyrus: Vera loquor, et testis ego pereuntis fui.
Vix lapsus est Hyacinthus, aufugi, malum
Ne simile feriat forsan et nostrum caput.
Oebalus: Sic ergo plectis Numen innocuos? Favor,
Quo te recepi, morte num Nati unici
Dignus erat? Ergo Meliam et Natam quoque
Surripere Patri, Numen, o falsum paras?
Melia: O absit a me Genitor! ut sponsum eligam,
Deoque, qui cruore Germani madet,
Nuptura porrexisse præsumam manus.
Zephyrus: (Quid audio? an coniucia meditatur Deus?
An Meliam et rapuisse mihi amatam cupit?
Qui rapuit Hyacinthi, anne et istius mihi
Rapiet amorem?)
Oebalus: Zephyre! quæ causa improbum
Adegit hoc ad facinus?
Zephyrus: Haud ullam scio.
Natus ad amoenum litus Eurotæ stetit,
Duscumque matæ proximum adspiciens, meus,
Clamabat, ecce discus est vestro prior,
Metamque tetigit. Apollo tum discum iacit,
Loquentis et propelli in pueri caput,
Quo læsusiste pronus in terram ruit.
Non dubito, quin extinctus hoc disci impetu
Fuerit.
Oebalus: An sic furere non dubitat Deus,
Ut sibi brnignum privet et prole Oebalum?
Exisse regno Numen invisum mihi
Meisque iubeo. Zephyre! fac pellas reum,
Maiora ne, vel plura mihi damna inferat.
Zephyrus: Rex! regna tua sunt: ipse tu pelle impium.
Tu morte Nati læsus es. Timeo Deum,
Qui fulmen hoc torqueret in nostrum caput.
(Expellat utinam! noster ut possit dolus
Latere; nam cædis ego sum factæ reus!)
Oebalus: Abibo! Vos manete! Si veniat Deus
Ad vos, abire, Nata! crudelem iube.
Ad litus Eurotæ ibo, num vivat, meum
Videre Natum. Forsan occurret mihi mihi
Apollo, regnis Numen exosum meis.
(Abit.)
Zephyrus: (Succedit ad mea vota, succedit dolus,
Meliaque mea dilecta nunc coniunx manet.)
Melia: Non capio, cur Apollo ne læsus quidem
Necarit unice ante dilectum sibi
Hyacinthum. Amare qui Sororem me queat,
Si Fratris ante polluat fato manus?
Zephyrus: Dilecta! ne mirare, quod tantum scelus
Apollo perpetrarit; haud nosti impium:
Astutus est, crudelis, inconstans, levis:
Hinc exulare iussus est coelis, suo
Furore ne turbaret unamnimes Deos.
Melia: Meliora credidisse de tanto Deo
Mens dictat (ast incertus est animus tamen,
Timorque spesque pectore alternant vices).
Zephyrus: Melia! quid animo volvis? ah! Sponsum abice,
Cuius cruore dextra fraterno calet,
Zephyrumque, cuius ipsa sat nosti fidem,
Amore, quo beatus efficiar, bea.
Melia: Nunc fata Fratris cogito, haud Zephyri faces.
Zephyrus: O dura! num sprevisse sic Zephyrum potes?
En! Duos conspicis:
Amantem et nocentem,
Iuvantem et furentem;
Cui manum porrigis?
Apollo te necabit,
At Zephyrus amabit,
Fraterno qui dexteram
Tinxit cruore,
Tentabit in tenera
Plura Sorore:
Quem prudens eligis?
Zephyrus, Melia, deinde Apollo.
Zephyrus: Heu! Numen! ecce! Numen huc gressum movet;
Melia quid agimus? indica effugii locum!
Timeo ferocem.
Melia: An ergo me solam obiicis?
Subsiste! nam iactata sic perstat fides?
Zephyrus: Ne patere, quæso, ut noceat insonti Deus!
(Accedit Apollo.)
Apollo: Adesne latro! fraudis infandæ artifex!
Hyacinthum amicum rapere non fuerat satis?
Rapuisse sponsam numquid et nostram simul,
Sceleste, tentas? crimen et mendax novis
Criminibus auges? Impie! iratum tibi
Quid possit, experire, iam Numen modo!
Amantis et nocentis, et iuste quidem
Nocentis experire vindictam Dei!
Irruite, venti! claude sceleratum specu
Aeole!
Zephyrus: Quid! heu me!
(Zephyrus in ventum mutatus abripitur.)
Melia: Quid agis, o Numen grave!
Funeribus an replere vis regnum Patris?
Iam Fratre cæso occidis et Zephyrum simul?
Tyranne! nunc et Meliam et regem obprimes?
Apollo: O cara!
Melia: Quid! vocasse me caram audes?
Cruente!
Apollo: Me percipere si non sit grave.
Melia: Est grave, tace! atque nostra, sic Genitor iubet,
Illico relinque regna, ne noceas magis!
Apollo: (Ah, pone tandem fulmen o Supernum Pater!
Quousque persequetur hic miserum furor?)
Melia: Discede crudelis!
Gaudebo, tyrannus
Si deserit me!
Vah! insolentem,
Qui violat iura!
Discede! discede;
Nam metuo te.
Apollo: Est, crede! fidelis,
Est mitis Apollo,
Qui deperit te.
Quid? innocentem
Sic abicis dura!
Sic perdis amicum,
Si reiicis me.
Quem coeli premunt inopem,
An terris agat exsulem?
Manebo!
Quousque sederit dira,
Quæ pectora sauciat ira,
Latebo.
CHORUS II
Oebalus, cognita Apollinis innocentia, hunc benigne recipit, eique Filiam coniugem tradit.
Hyacinthus, Oebalus.
Hyacinthus: Non est.
Oebalus: Quis ergo Nate! dic, si Patrem amas,
Quis te peremit?
Hyacinthus: Zephyrus; – heu me! – si – Deus
Adesset! –
Oebalus: Heu, iam moritur! –
Hyacinthus: O Pater! Pater! –
Mors – est – acerba!
Oebalus: Nate!
Hyacinthus: Genitor! – Ah! – Vale!
(Moritur)
Oebalus: Hyacinthe! – Nate! – vixit – exanimis iacet!
Apollo, dixit, innocens est o Pater!
Crede mihi, non est, Zephyrus est auctor necis.
Sic ergo mecum Zephyre ter mendax! agis?
Sic Numen ipsum sceleris et tanti reum
Arguere, sic me fallere haud Regem times?
Cruente! faxim crimen hoc proprio luas
Cruore! – Mortem Filii an inultus feram?
Ut navis in æquore luxuriante
Per montes, per valles undarum iactatur,
Et iamiam proxima nubibus stat,
Et iamiam proxima Tartaro nat:
Sic bilis a pectore bella minante
Per corpus, per venas, per membra grassatur;
Furore sublevor;
Dolore deprimor;
Ira, vindicta conglomerant se,
Atque quassare non desinunt me.
(Accedit Melia.)
Melia, Oebalus.
Melia: Quocumque me converto, crudelis Dei
Monumenta detestanda conspicio. Prius
Perire Zephyrum videram, et Fratrem modo
Video natare sanguine insontem suo.
Oebalus: Quid comite nullo Filia huc infers pedem?
An latro iamiam fugit?
Melia: Hunc iussi illico
Vitare nostra regna, nam cædem improbus
Nova gravare cæde non timuit Deus.
Oebalus: Quid loquere? cædem Nata! quam narras novam?
Melia: O Rex! amicum rapuit, et Zephyrum quidem,
Ventisque me vidente lacerandum dedit.
Oebalus: O iustus est Apollo, dum plectit scelus,
Quod imputavit perfidus et atrox Deo
Zephyrus! hic auctor, Filia! est factæ necis.
Non est Apollo: Zephyrus in Fratrem tuum
Discum agere non dubitavit.
Melia: Unde autem Pater!
Hæc nosse poteras?
Oebalus: Natus hic retulit mihi,
Nam vivus est inventus a nobis. Meis
Extinctus est in manibus.
Melia: Heu me! quid? Pater!
Quid ergo regno exisse iussisti Deum?
Oebalus: Filia! dolore motus est Zephyri dolus
Delusus, id iussisse me memini. Impium
Quis tale sibi timuisset a Zephyro scelus?
Melia: O Genitor! omnes perditi iamiam sumus!
Discessit, heu! discessit a nobis Deus!
O crede, non inultus id probrum feret.
Oebalus: Quid? Nata! discessisse iam Numen putas?
Melia: Nil dubito; namque exire de regno tuo
Apollinem ipsa, linquere et nostros lares
Iussi. O ut hanc revocare nunc possem
Deum!
Oebalus: Heu! fata quam sinistra nos hodie obruunt!
Natus cadit,
Atque Deus
Me nolente,
Nesciente
Læsus abit.
Regnum sine Numine
Iam non diu stabit:
Numen! quæso, flectere,
Et ad nos revertere!
Melia: Frater cadit,
Atque meus
Te iubente
Me dolente
Sponsus abit.
Sponsa sine complice
Quaeso, quid amabit?
Noli sponsam plectere!
Numen! ah regredere!
(Accedit Apollo.)
Apollo, Oebalus, Melia.
Apollo: Rex! me redire cogit in Hyacinthum amor.
Ignosce, quod Numen ego tua regna audeam
Præsens beare! Disce, quid Numen queat!
Hyacinthe surge! funus et flore æmulo
Nomenque præferente Defuncti tege.
(Subsidens cum funere tellus hyacinthos flores germinat.)
Oebalus: Quid video? Surrexisse de Nato meo
Conspicio flores?
Melia: Numen o nimium potes!
Pudore me, suffusa profiteor ream.
Ad verba Zephyri, Patris ad iussa omnia
Quæ me poenitet, feci.
[…]
Oebalus: Optime
Parce Deus! Ignarus ego, quis fuerit necis
Auctor patratæ, pessimo Zephyro fidem
Habui, meumque credidi Natum tua
Periisse fraude. Zephyrus o quanta improbus
Induxit in regna mea, ni parcas, mala!
Melia: O Numen! haud fuisse contemptum putes;
Abire quod te iusserim, imprudens fui
Credulaque nimium, et ira mihi verba abstulit,
Quæ de dolore Fratris occisi meant.
Apollo: Confide Rex! Apollo non fugiet tua
Regna. Manet, et manebit heic tecum, fide
Iam stare si promissa demonstres tua.
Oebalus: Intelligo. Ecce Nata! te sponsam Deus
Dignatus elegisse.
Melia: Num credam Deum
Amare posse Meliam?
Apollo: O crede! ipsemet
Iuppiter amare sæpe mortales solet;
Amare namque convenit tantum Diis,
Vobis amari.
Melia: Numen! en famulam, suo
Quæ pro Parente pectus hoc offert tibi.
Oebalus: En! Si placere sponsa mortalis potest,
Apollo! nostra Filiam adductam manu
Accipe, meoque semper in regno mane.
Hyacinthus obiit: alter Hyacinthus mihi
Eris, manere Filia hac factus gener,
Regione si digneris in nostra.
这个用甚至在当代新闻界都找不出先例来的抄袭德国圣经批判的办法写了教会历史小说《基督教的起源》的法国文学家,自己并不知道在他上述的话里含有多少真理。我很想看看有哪位过去的国际活动家,在比方说阅读所谓《保罗达哥林多人后书》的时候,他的旧日的创伤,至少在某一方面的创伤,能不绽开来。这整篇使徒书,从第八章起,发出永远不断的,可惜竟是那么熟悉的诉苦的调子:les cotisations ne rentrent pas——捐款没有来!好多60年代的最热心的宣传家会大有同感地握着这位使徒书作者——不论他是谁——的手悄悄地对他说,“你也遇到过这样的事呀!”这个题目我们也有话要说的——我们的协会里也挤满了哥林多人;这些在我们眼前捉摸不定地晃来晃去的、带来唐达鲁士之苦的拿不到手的会费,恰恰就是盛传的“国际的百万财产”!
而在我们这位约翰的天上,确实是一个妇女都没有。因而他是属于原始基督教其他著作中也常遇到的那个笼统地视性关系为罪恶的派别。如果我们还注意到,他把罗马叫作大淫妇,说地上的君王们与她行淫并被她淫乱之酒所醉倒,而她的商人因她的骄奢淫逸而发了财,那我们对上述的那个词就决不能按照神学的护教论所要赋予它的那种狭窄意义来理解,神学的护教论是要借此为解释新约中的其他地方找证据。与此相反,书信中这些地方清楚地显示出一切深刻动荡时代所共有的一种现象,即对性关系的传统束缚也同所有其他藩篱一起发生动摇。在基督教的最初几个世纪里,一方面有禁止肉欲的禁欲主义,同时,把或多或少不受限制的男女关系列入基督教自由的概念的倾向,也相当常见。在现代社会主义运动中情况也是这样。30年代圣西门派的“肉体复权”——德文译作“Wiedereinsetzung des Fleisches”——在当时德国这样一个“虔诚的育儿所”曾引起何等令人难以置信的恐惧啊!而恐惧得最厉害的,恰恰是那个在柏林也像在自己的庄园里一样,不经常使自己的肉体复权就一天也活不下去的、当时居统治地位的高贵等级(当时我们还没有阶级)!如果这些正人君子还知道傅立叶给肉体规定的自由不止这些的话,不知道该怎样啊!随着空想主义被克服,这些放荡行为让位给较为理智的而且实际上更激进得多的概念;而且自德国从海涅的“虔诚的育儿所”发展成为社会主义运动中心的时候起,崇尚美德的上流社会那种伪善的愤慨,就被人们嗤之以鼻了。
Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in Law against her mother in Law. And a man’s foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is nor worthy of me. He that findeth his life shall lose it: and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. (Matthew 10: 33-39)
萨摩亚人的成年:Coming of Age in Samoa. 1928
新几内亚人的成长:Growing Up in New Guinea. 1930
一个印地安部落的文化变迁:The changing culture of an Indian tribe. 1932
三个原始部落的性别与气质:Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. 1935
原始社会之间的合作与竞争:Cooperation and competition among primitive peoples. 1937
巴里岛人的特质:与贝特森(Gregory Bateson)合著,1942
一位人类学家观察美国:And keep your powder dry : an anthropologist looks at America. 1942
男性和女性:变迁世界中的性别角色研究:Male and female : a study of the sexes in a changing world. 1949
古老的新生:1928 年至 1956 年马纳斯人的文化变革:1956
文化革命中的延续性:Continuities in cultural evolution. 1964
家:Family. 1965
波里尼西亚文化不稳定的疑义:An inquiry into the question of cultural stability in Polynesia. 1969
文化与承诺:Culture and commitment. 1970
黑莓的冬天:Blackberry winter. 1972
未来的重思:World enough : rethinking the future. 1975